Robert Vallerand

Vallerand, R. J. (2021). Reflections on the legacy of self-determination theory. Motivtion Science, 7(2), 115-116. doi: 10.1037/mot0000227

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Slemp, G., Zhao, Y., Hou, H., & Vallerand, R. J. (2021). Job crafting, leader autonomy support, and passion for work: Testing a model in Australia and China. Motivation and Emotion, 45, 60-74. doi: 10.1007/s11031-020-09850-6

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Guilbault, V., Bouizegarene, N., Philippe, F. L., & Vallerand, R. J. (2020). Understanding extradyadic sex and its underlying motives through a dualistic model of sexual passion. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37, 281-301. doi: 10.1177/0265407519864446

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Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Vallerand, R. J., Abraham, J., & Colombat, P. (2019). The role of workers' motivational profiles in affective and organizational factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1151-1174. doi: 10.1007/s10902-017-9867-9

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Beaulieu-Pelletier, G., Maliha, G., Laventure, S., & Ricard-St-Aubin, J-S. (2019). Development of a dualistic model of sexual passion: Examining determinants and consequences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 2537-2552. doi: 10.1007/s10508-019-01524-w

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Verner-Filion, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2018). A longitudinal examination of elite youth soccer players: The role of passion and basic need satisfaction in athletes' optimal functioning. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 39, 20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.005

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Bonneville-Roussy, A., Evans, P., Verner-Filion, J., Vallerand, R. J., & Bouffard, T. (2017). Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differences in outcomes for university students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48, 28–42. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.003

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Lalande, D. R., Vallerand, R. J., Lafrenière, M.-A. K., Verner-Filion, J., Laurent, F.-A., Forest, J., & Paquet, Y. (2017). Obsessive passion: A compensatory response to unsatisfied needs. Journal of Personality, 85(2), 163-178. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12229

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Bernard-Desrosiers, L., Guilbault, V., & Rajotte, G. (2017). Understanding the cognitive and motivational underpinnings of sexual passion from a dualistic model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 769-785. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000116

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Litalien, David, Morin, A. J. S., Gagné, M., Vallerand, R. J., Losier, G. F., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Evidence of a continuum structure of academic self-determination: a two-study test using a bifactor-ESEM representation of academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 67-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.06.010

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Bouizegarene, N., Bourdeau, S., Leduc, C., Gousse-Lessard, A-S., Houlfort, N., & Vallerand, R. J. (2017). We are our passions: The role of identity processes in harmonious and obsessive passion and links to optimal functioning in society. Self and Identity, 17(1), 56-74. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1321038

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Vallerand, R. J., & Gillet, N. (2016). Les effets de la motivation sur la performance sportive au regard de la théorie de l’autodétermination. Psychologie Française, 61(4), 257-271. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2014.01.001

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Craven, R. G., Ryan, R. M., Mooney, J., Vallerand, R. J., Dillon, A., Blacklock, F., & Magson, N. (2016). Toward a positive psychology of indigenous thriving and reciprocal research partnership model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 47, 32-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.04.003

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Houlfort, N., Fernet, C., Vallerand, R. J., Laframboise, A., Guay, F., & Koestner, R. (2015). The role of passion for work and need satisfaction in psychological adjustment to retirement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.005

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Curran, T., Hill, A.P., Appleton, P.R., Vallerand, R. J., & Standage, M. (2015). The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes. Motivation and Emotion, 39(5), 631-655. doi: 10.1007/s11031-015-9503-0

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Vallerand, R. J., Houlfort, N., & Forest, J. (2014). doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199794911.013.009

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Houlfort, N., Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Menard, J. (2014). On passion as heavy work investment and its consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 25-45. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0155

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Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., Austin, S., Forest, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2014). Linking job demands and resources to burnout and work engagement: Does passion for work underlie these differential relationships?. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 353-366. doi: 10.1007/s11031-013-9384-z

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Houlfort, N., Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Ménard, J. (2013). On passion and heavy work investment: personal and organizational outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(1), 25-45. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0155

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Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Larose, S., Vallerand, R. J., & Vitaro, F. (2013). The Number of autonomy-supportive relationships: Are more relationships better for motivation, perceived competence, and achievement?. Contemporary Educational Psychology doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych. 2013.07.005.

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Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Lafrenière, M. A. K. (2012). Intrinsic and extrinsic school motivation as a function of age: The mediating role of autonomy support. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 15, 77–95. doi: 10.1007/s11218-011-9170-2

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Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The effects of work motivation on employee exhaustion and commitment: An extension of the JD-R model. Work & Stress, 26, 213-219. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2012.713202

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Carpentier, J., Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2012). Ruminations and flow: Why do people with a more harmonious passion experience higher well-being?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 501-518. doi: 10.1007/s10902-011-9276-4

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Mageau, G. A., Carpentier, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2011). The role of self-esteem contingencies in the distinction between obsessive and harmonious passion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 720-729. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.798

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Vallerand, R. J., Paquet, Y., Philippe, F. L., & Charest, J. (2010). On the role of passion for work in burnout: A process model. Journal of Personality, 78, 289-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00616.x

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Houlfort, N., Lavigne, G. L., & Donahue, E. G. (2010). Passion for an activity and quality of interpersonal relationships: The mediating role of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 917-932. doi: 10.1037/a0018017

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Andrianarisoa, J., & Brunel, P. (2009). Passion in referees: Examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31, 77-96. doi: 10.1123/jsep.31.1.77

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Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Charest, J., Salvy, S., Lacaille, N., Bouffard, T., & Koestner, R. (2009). On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity specialization, and identification with the activity. Journal of Personality, 77, 601-646. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Lavigne, G. L. (2009). Passion does make a difference in people’s lives: A look at well-being in passionate and non-passionate individuals. Applied Psychology: Health & Well-Being, 1, 3-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2008.01003.x

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Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Richer, I., Bergeron, J., & Vallieres, E. (2009). Passion for driving and aggressive driving behavior: A look at their relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 3020-3043. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00559.x

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Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Koestner, R. (2008). Reflections on self-determination theory. Canadian Psychology, 49, 257-262. doi: 10.1037/a0012804

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Vallerand, R. J., Ntoumanis, N., Philippe, F. L., Lavigne, G., Carbonneau, N., Bonneville-Roussy, A., & Maliha, G. (2008). On passion and sports fans: A look at football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1279-1293. doi: 10.1080/02640410802123185

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Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Dumais, A., Demers, M. A., & Rousseau, F. (2008). Passion and performance attainment in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 373–392. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.003

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Vallerand, R. J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1-13. doi: 10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.1

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Miquelon, P., & Vallerand, R. J. (2008). Goal motives, well-being, and physical health: An integrative model. Canadian Psychology, 49, 241- 249.

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Philippe, F. L., & Vallerand, R. J. (2008). Actual environments do affect motivation and psychological adjustment: A test of self-determination theory in a natural setting. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 81-89. doi: 10.1007/s11031-008-9087-z

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Standage, M., & Vallerand, R. J. (2008). Self-determined motivation in sport and exercise groups. In M. R. Beauchamp & M. A. Eys (Eds.), Group dynamics advances in sport and exercise psychology: Contemporary themes (pp. 179-199). New York: Routledge.

Vallerand, R. J., Salvy, S. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Denis, P. L., Grouzet, F. M., & Blanchard, C. (2007). On the role of passion in performance. Journal of Personality, 75, 505-534. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00447.x

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Blanchard, C. M., Mask, L., Vallerand, R. J., De La Sablonniere, R., & Provencher, P. (2007). Reciprocal relationships between contextual and situational motivation in a sport setting. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 854-873.

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Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., & Sarrazin, P. (2007). The revised six-factor sport motivation scale (Mallett, Kawabata, Newcombe, Otero-Forero, & Jackson, 2007): Something old, something new, and something borrowed. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 615-621.

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Ratelle, C. F., Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., Larose, S., & Senecal, C. (2007). Autonomous, controlled, and amotivated types of academic motivation: A person-oriented analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 734-746.

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Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2007). The moderating effect of passion on the relation between activity engagement and positive affect. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 312-321. doi: 10.1007/s11031-007-9071-z

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Philippe, F. L., & Vallerand, R. J. (2007). Prevalence rates of gambling problems in Montreal, Canada: A look at old adults and the role of passion. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 275-283. doi: 10.1007/s10899-006-9038-0

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Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C. M., Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (2006). A dual route in explaining health outcomes in natural disaster. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 1502-1522.

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Miquelon, P., Vallerand, R. J., Grouzet, F. M., & Cardinal, G. (2005). Perfectionism, academic motivation, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 913-924.

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Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Ratelle, C. F., & Provencher, P. J. (2005). Passion and gambling: Investigating the divergent affective and cognitive consequences of gambling. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 100-118.

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Ratelle, C. F., Senecal, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Provencher, P. (2005). The relationship between school-leisure conflict and educational and mental health indexes: A motivational analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(9), 1800-1823. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02196.x

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Ratelle, C. F., Baldwin, M. W., & Vallerand, R. J. (2005). On the cued activation of situational motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 482-487. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.10.001

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Ratelle, C. F., Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Rousseau, F. L., & Provencher, P. J. (2004). When passion leads to problematic outcomes: A look at gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(2), 105-119. doi: 1050-5350/04/0600-0105/0

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Ratelle, C. F., Vallerand, R. J., Chantal, Y., & Provencher, P. (2004). Cognitive adaptation and mental health: A motivational analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 459-476. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.208

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Grouzet, F. M., Vallerand, R. J., Thill, E., & Provencher, P. (2004). From environmental factors to outcomes: A test of an integrated motivational sequence. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 331-346.

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Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C. M., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C. F., Léonard, M., & Gagné, M. (2003). Les passions de l'ame: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756-767. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756

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Levesque, C. S., Laliberte, M. L. N., Pelletier, L. G., Blanchard, C. M., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). Harmonious and obsessive passion for the internet: Their associations with the couple's relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 197-221. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02079.x

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Noels, K., Pelletier, L. G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 53(51), 33-64. doi: 10.1111/1467-9922.53223

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Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Science, 21(11), 883-904. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140374

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Guay, F., Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). On the hierarchical structure of self-determined motivation: A test of top-down, bottom-up, reciprocal, and horizontal effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 992-1004.

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Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R. J., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. G., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21-month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 395-418.

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Rousseau, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Ratelle, C. F., Mageau, G. A., & Provencher, P. J. (2002). Passion and gambling: On the validation of the Gambling Passion Scale (GPS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 45-66.

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Vallerand, R. J., & Ratelle, C. F. (2002). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A hierarchical model. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 37-63). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Richer, S. F., Blanchard, C. M., & Vallerand, R. J. (2002). A motivational model of work turnover. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 32, 2089-.

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Richer, S. F., Blanchard, C., & Vallerand, R. J. (2002). A motivational model of work turnover. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 2089-2113.

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Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Brière, N. M. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 279-306.

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Senecal, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (2001). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: toward a motivational model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 176-186.

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Losier, G. F., Perreault, S., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2001). Examining individual differences in the internalization of political values: Validation of the Self-determination Scale of Political Motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 35(1), 41-61. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2300

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Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Motivation and Emotion, 24, 175-213.

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Noels, K.A., Pelletier, L. G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Orientations and Self-Determination Theory. Language Learning, 50, 57-85. doi: 10.1111/0023-8333.00111

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Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 142-169.

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Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F. (1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high-school drop out. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1161-1176.

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Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol Vol. 29, pp. 271-360). San Diego: Academic Press.

Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., Green-Demers, I., Blais, M. R., & Brière, N. M. (1996). Vers une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle du loisir: Construction et validation de l'Échelle de Motivation vis-à-vis les Loisirs (EML). Loisir et Société, 19, 559-585.

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Koestner, R., Losier, G. F., Vallerand, R. J., & Carducci, D. (1996). Identified and introjected forms of political internalization: Extending self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1025-1036.

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Chantal, Y., Guay, F., Dobreva-Martinova, T., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Motivation and elite performance: An exploratory investigation with Bulgarian athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 173-182.

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Guay, F., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Social context, student's motivation, and academic achievement: Toward a process model. Social Psychology of Education, 1, 211-233.

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Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Supervisors' beliefs and subordinates' intrinsic motivation: A behavioral confirmation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 331-340.

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Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., Green-Demers, I., Blais, M. R., & Brière, N. M. (1995). Loisirs et santé mentale: Les relations entre la motivation pour la pratique des loisirs et le bien-être psychologique. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 27, 140-158.

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Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., & Brière, N. M. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53.

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Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (1995). Academic motivation and school performance: Toward a structural model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 257-274.

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Vallerand, R. J., O'Connor, B. P., & Hamel, M. (1995). Motivation in later life: Theory and assessment. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41, 221-238.

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Brière, N. M., Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., & Pelletier, L. G. (1995). Développement et validation d'une mesure de motivation intrinsèque et extrinsèque et d'amotivation en contexte sportif: L'Echelle de Motivation dans les Sports (EMS). Journal International de Psychologie du Sport, 26, 465-489.

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Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Brière, N. M., & Provencher, P. J. (1995). Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: A test of their relationship with sport motivation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 24-39.

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Senecal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 607-619.

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Richer, S. F., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Supervisors' interactional styles and subordinates' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 707-722.

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Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1994). Self-determined motivation and sportsmanship orientations: An assessment of their temporal relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 229-245.

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Vallerand, R. J., Gagné, F., Senecal, C., & Pelletier, L. G. (1994). A comparison of school intrinsic motivation and perceived competence of gifted and regular students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 38, 172-175.

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Losier, G. F., & Vallerand, R. J. (1994). The temporal relationship between perceived competence and self-determined motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 793-801. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1994.9923014

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O'Connor, B. P., & Vallerand, R. J. (1994). The relative effects of actual and experienced autonomy on motivation in nursing home residents. Canadian Journal on Aging, 13, 528-538.

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Losier, G. F., Bourque, P. E., & Vallerand, R. J. (1993). A motivational model of leisure participation in the elderly. Journal of Psychology, 127, 153-170.

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Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Valliéres, E. F. (1993). On the assessment of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education: Evidence on the concurrent and construct validity of the Academic Motivation Scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 53, 159-172.

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Vallerand, R. J., & Bissonnette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60, 599-620.

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Levesque, C. S., Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1992). Type de programme universitaire et sexe de l'étudiant: Effets sur la perception du climat et sur la motivation. Revue des Sciences de l'Education, 18(3), 375-388. doi: 10.7202/900743ar

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Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Valliéres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003-1017.

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Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. The Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_6

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Blais, M. R., Sabourin S., Boucher, C., & Vallerand, R. J. (1990). Toward a motivational model of couple happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1021-1031.

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O'Connor, B. P., & Vallerand, R. J. (1990). Religious motivation in the elderly: A French-Canadian replication and an extension. Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 53-59.

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Vallerand, R. J., O'Connor, B. P., & Blais, M. R. (1989). Life satisfaction of elderly individuals in regular community housing, in low-cost community housing, and high and low self-determination nursing homes. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 28, 277-283.

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Vallerand, R. J., & O'Connor, B. P. (1989). Motivation in the elderly: A theoretical framework and some promising findings. Canadian Psychology, 30, 538-550.

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Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., & Pelletier, L. G. (1989). Construction and validation of the Motivation Toward Education Scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Revue Canadienne, 21, 323-349.

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Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., & Pelletier, L. G. (1989). Construction and validation of the Motivation toward Education Scale. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 21, 323-349.

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Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., Lacouture, Y., & Deci, E. L. (1987). L'echelle des Orientations Generales a la Causalite: Validation Canadienne Francaise du General Causality Orientations scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 19(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1037/H0079872

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Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). Intrinsic motivation in sport. In K. Pandolf (Ed,), Exercise and sport science reviews, Vol. 15 (pp. 389-425). New York: Macmillan.

Vallerand, R. J., Gauvin, L. I., & Halliwel, W. R. (1986). Effects of zero-sum competition on children's intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126(4), 465-472. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1986.9713614

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Vallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1984). On the causal effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation: A test of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 94-102.

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